PART I · PAPER 1 SECTION A第一部分 · 第一卷 A 节No calculator · short response · 20 marks不可使用计算器 · 简答题 · 20 分
Section A — Short ResponseA 节 —— 简答题
Show all working. Keep results exact: do not approximate $\ln$, $\log$, $e$, or fractional exponents to decimals. No calculator permitted.写出全部过程。结果保留精确形式 —— 不要把 $\ln$、$\log$、$e$、分数指数化为小数。不可使用计算器。
Q1EASYPaper 1A1.5 Exponent Laws[4 marks]
Simplify each. Show every law you apply.化简下列各式。指出所用的指数律。
Let $p = \log_{a}(2)$ and $q = \log_{a}(3)$, with $a > 0$, $a \ne 1$.设 $p = \log_{a}(2)$,$q = \log_{a}(3)$,$a > 0$、$a \ne 1$。
(a)Express $\log_{a}(6)$ in terms of $p$ and $q$.用 $p$、$q$ 表示 $\log_{a}(6)$。[1]
(b)Express $\log_{a}\!\left(\dfrac{8}{9}\right)$ in terms of $p$ and $q$.用 $p$、$q$ 表示 $\log_{a}\!\left(\dfrac{8}{9}\right)$。[2]
(c)Express $\log_{a}(48)$ in terms of $p$ and $q$.用 $p$、$q$ 表示 $\log_{a}(48)$。[3]
PART II · PAPER 1 SECTION B第二部分 · 第一卷 B 节No calculator · extended response · 12 marks不可使用计算器 · 长答题 · 12 分
Section B — Extended ResponseB 节 —— 长答题
State the substitution that converts the exponential equation to a quadratic before solving. Justify any rejected roots via the domain of the substitution.先指明把指数方程转化为二次方程的换元,再求解。所有舍去的解必须用换元的定义域进行说明。
(a)Explain why the substitution $u = 2^{x}$ converts this into a quadratic in $u$, and state the domain of $u$.说明换元 $u = 2^{x}$ 为何能把方程化为关于 $u$ 的二次方程,并写出 $u$ 的取值范围。[2]
(b)Write the equation in terms of $u$ and solve the resulting quadratic.用 $u$ 改写方程并求解所得二次方程。[4]
(c)Convert each valid $u$-value back to a value of $x$. Discard any $u$ outside its domain, with justification.将每个合法的 $u$ 值换回 $x$。超出 $u$ 定义域的解请说明理由后舍去。[3]
(d)Sketch the function $f(x) = 4^{x} - 5 \cdot 2^{x} + 4$ on $-1 \le x \le 3$, marking the $x$-intercepts found in part (c) and the location of the minimum (without computing the minimum's exact value).在 $-1 \le x \le 3$ 上画出 $f(x) = 4^{x} - 5 \cdot 2^{x} + 4$,标出 (c) 中求得的零点以及极小值点的位置(不必算出极小值的精确数值)。[3]
PART III · PAPER 2第三部分 · 第二卷Calculator · mixed response · 14 marks可使用计算器 · 混合题型 · 14 分
Paper 2 — Calculator Permitted第二卷 —— 允许使用计算器
A graphing calculator is required. Give exact answers (integers, fractions, exact surds) where reasonable; otherwise correct to 3 significant figures.需要图形计算器(GDC)。能给出精确答案的题目就给精确答案;其余保留 3 位有效数字。
Q6MEDIUMPaper 21.7 Half-Life[7 marks]
A radioactive isotope decays continuously according to $N(t) = N_{0}\,e^{kt}$ (with $k < 0$). After $30$ years, only $40\%$ of the original sample remains.某放射性同位素按 $N(t) = N_{0}\,e^{kt}$($k < 0$)连续衰变。$30$ 年后样本剩余 $40\%$。
(a)Find $k$, correct to 4 decimal places.求 $k$,保留 4 位小数。[3]
(b)Find the half-life of the isotope, correct to the nearest year.求该同位素的半衰期,精确到年。[2]
(c)Find the time at which only $10\%$ of the original sample remains.求剩余比例首次降至原样本 $10\%$ 时的时间。[2]
Aria invests €$10\,000$ in two parallel accounts: Account X compounds at $3.6\%$ per annum compounded monthly; Account Y compounds continuously at the same nominal rate $3.6\%$ per annum.Aria 同时将 €$10\,000$ 存入两个账户:账户 X 按年利率 $3.6\%$、每月复利;账户 Y 按同一名义年利率 $3.6\%$ 连续复利(continuous compounding)。
(a)Find the value in each account after $10$ years, to the nearest cent.求 $10$ 年后两个账户各自的金额,精确到分。[3]
(b)Find the time at which Account Y first exceeds Account X by €$50$.求账户 Y 首次比账户 X 多出 €$50$ 的时间。[3]
(c)State, in one sentence, why Account Y always exceeds Account X (under the same nominal rate).用一句话说明在相同名义利率下,账户 Y 为何始终多于账户 X。[1]
PART IV · PAPER 3第四部分 · 第三卷Calculator · HL extended exploration · 16 marks可使用计算器 · HL 长题探究 · 16 分
Paper 3 — HL Extended Problem第三卷 —— HL 长题探究
A graphing calculator is required. Method marks are heavily weighted. Show full reasoning at every step.需要图形计算器(GDC)。方法分权重很高。每一步都要写出完整推理。
Q8HARDPaper 31.7 Newton's Law of Cooling[16 marks]
A cup of coffee initially at $T_{0} = 95^\circ$C cools in a room at constant temperature $T_{\text{env}} = 22^\circ$C. Newton's law of cooling models the coffee's temperature by一杯咖啡初始温度 $T_{0} = 95^\circ$C,所处房间温度恒为 $T_{\text{env}} = 22^\circ$C。牛顿冷却定律(Newton's law of cooling)给出咖啡温度的模型:
$$ T(t) = T_{\text{env}} + (T_{0} - T_{\text{env}})\,e^{-kt}, \qquad k > 0,\;\; t \text{ in minutes}. $$
After $5$ minutes the coffee has cooled to $70^\circ$C.$5$ 分钟后咖啡降至 $70^\circ$C。
(a)Verify that the model satisfies $T(0) = T_{0}$ and $\displaystyle\lim_{t \to \infty} T(t) = T_{\text{env}}$.验证模型满足 $T(0) = T_{0}$ 与 $\displaystyle\lim_{t \to \infty} T(t) = T_{\text{env}}$。[2]
(b)Using the $5$-minute data point, find $k$ to $4$ decimal places.利用 $5$ 分钟时的数据,求 $k$ 至 $4$ 位小数。[4]
(c)Find the temperature after $15$ minutes, to the nearest degree.求 $15$ 分钟后的温度,精确到 $1^\circ$C。[3]
(d)Find the time when the coffee first reaches $40^\circ$C, to the nearest minute.求咖啡首次降至 $40^\circ$C 的时间,精确到分钟。[3]
(e)Define the half-cooling time $t_{1/2}$ as the time taken for the temperature excess $T(t) - T_{\text{env}}$ to halve. Find $t_{1/2}$ in terms of $k$ (general formula), then evaluate it numerically for this coffee.定义半冷却时间(half-cooling time)$t_{1/2}$ 为温度差 $T(t) - T_{\text{env}}$ 减半所需时间。写出 $t_{1/2}$ 关于 $k$ 的一般公式,并代入数值求本题之 $t_{1/2}$。[4]