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Unit A2 · Number & AlgebraUnit A2 · 数与代数

Exponents & Logarithms指数与对数

IB-Style Practice Questions — Paper 1A · Paper 1B · Paper 2 · Paper 3IB 风格练习题 —— 第一卷 A 节 · 第一卷 B 节 · 第二卷 · 第三卷

EASY MEDIUM HARD Paper 1A Paper 1B Paper 2 Paper 3

Syllabus 1.5, 1.7考纲 1.5, 1.7AA HL



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v1 · 8 Qs · 62 marks · Papers 1A/1B/2/3 · EASY–HARD · Topics 1.5, 1.7 · solutions: Solutions/Unit_A2_Exponents_and_Logarithms_Solutions.html8 题 · 62 分 · 第一卷 A/B 节 & 第二/三卷 · 简单–较难 · 考点 1.5、1.7 · 解析:Solutions/Unit_A2_Exponents_and_Logarithms_Solutions.html

PART I  ·  PAPER 1 SECTION A第一部分  ·  第一卷 A 节No calculator · short response · 20 marks不可使用计算器 · 简答题 · 20 分

Section A — Short ResponseA 节 —— 简答题

Show all working. Keep results exact: do not approximate $\ln$, $\log$, $e$, or fractional exponents to decimals. No calculator permitted.写出全部过程。结果保留精确形式 —— 不要把 $\ln$、$\log$、$e$、分数指数化为小数。不可使用计算器。

Q1EASY Paper 1A 1.5 Exponent Laws [4 marks]

Simplify each. Show every law you apply.化简下列各式。指出所用的指数律。

(a) $\dfrac{2^{3} \cdot 2^{5}}{2^{4}}$$\dfrac{2^{3} \cdot 2^{5}}{2^{4}}$ [1]
(b) $25^{3/2}$$25^{3/2}$ [1]
(c) $\left(\dfrac{8}{27}\right)^{-2/3}$$\left(\dfrac{8}{27}\right)^{-2/3}$ [2]
Q2EASY Paper 1A 1.5 Rational Exponents [5 marks]

Express each in the form $x^{p/q}$ (a simple rational exponent) for $x > 0$.将下列各式化为 $x^{p/q}$ 的形式($x > 0$)。

(a) $\sqrt[3]{x^{2}} \cdot \sqrt{x}$$\sqrt[3]{x^{2}} \cdot \sqrt{x}$ [2]
(b) $\dfrac{x^{1/2}}{x^{-1/3}}$$\dfrac{x^{1/2}}{x^{-1/3}}$ [2]
(c) $(x^{4})^{3/8}$$(x^{4})^{3/8}$ [1]
Q3MEDIUM Paper 1A 1.7 Log Evaluation [5 marks]

Evaluate without a calculator.不用计算器求值。

(a) $\log_{3}(81)$$\log_{3}(81)$ [1]
(b) $\log_{10}(20) + \log_{10}(5)$$\log_{10}(20) + \log_{10}(5)$ [2]
(c) $\ln(e^{4}) - \ln(\sqrt{e})$$\ln(e^{4}) - \ln(\sqrt{e})$ [2]
Q4HARD Paper 1A 1.7 Log Laws — Expand & Express [6 marks]

Let $p = \log_{a}(2)$ and $q = \log_{a}(3)$, with $a > 0$, $a \ne 1$.设 $p = \log_{a}(2)$,$q = \log_{a}(3)$,$a > 0$、$a \ne 1$。

(a) Express $\log_{a}(6)$ in terms of $p$ and $q$.用 $p$、$q$ 表示 $\log_{a}(6)$。 [1]
(b) Express $\log_{a}\!\left(\dfrac{8}{9}\right)$ in terms of $p$ and $q$.用 $p$、$q$ 表示 $\log_{a}\!\left(\dfrac{8}{9}\right)$。 [2]
(c) Express $\log_{a}(48)$ in terms of $p$ and $q$.用 $p$、$q$ 表示 $\log_{a}(48)$。 [3]
PART II  ·  PAPER 1 SECTION B第二部分  ·  第一卷 B 节No calculator · extended response · 12 marks不可使用计算器 · 长答题 · 12 分

Section B — Extended ResponseB 节 —— 长答题

State the substitution that converts the exponential equation to a quadratic before solving. Justify any rejected roots via the domain of the substitution.先指明把指数方程转化为二次方程的换元,再求解。所有舍去的解必须用换元的定义域进行说明。

Q5HARD Paper 1B 1.7 Quadratic in $a^{x}$ [12 marks]

Consider the equation $4^{x} - 5 \cdot 2^{x} + 4 = 0$ for $x \in \mathbb{R}$.考虑方程 $4^{x} - 5 \cdot 2^{x} + 4 = 0$,$x \in \mathbb{R}$。

(a) Explain why the substitution $u = 2^{x}$ converts this into a quadratic in $u$, and state the domain of $u$.说明换元 $u = 2^{x}$ 为何能把方程化为关于 $u$ 的二次方程,并写出 $u$ 的取值范围。 [2]
(b) Write the equation in terms of $u$ and solve the resulting quadratic.用 $u$ 改写方程并求解所得二次方程。 [4]
(c) Convert each valid $u$-value back to a value of $x$. Discard any $u$ outside its domain, with justification.将每个合法的 $u$ 值换回 $x$。超出 $u$ 定义域的解请说明理由后舍去。 [3]
(d) Sketch the function $f(x) = 4^{x} - 5 \cdot 2^{x} + 4$ on $-1 \le x \le 3$, marking the $x$-intercepts found in part (c) and the location of the minimum (without computing the minimum's exact value).在 $-1 \le x \le 3$ 上画出 $f(x) = 4^{x} - 5 \cdot 2^{x} + 4$,标出 (c) 中求得的零点以及极小值点的位置(不必算出极小值的精确数值)。 [3]
PART III  ·  PAPER 2第三部分  ·  第二卷Calculator · mixed response · 14 marks可使用计算器 · 混合题型 · 14 分

Paper 2 — Calculator Permitted第二卷 —— 允许使用计算器

A graphing calculator is required. Give exact answers (integers, fractions, exact surds) where reasonable; otherwise correct to 3 significant figures.需要图形计算器(GDC)。能给出精确答案的题目就给精确答案;其余保留 3 位有效数字。

Q6MEDIUM Paper 2 1.7 Half-Life [7 marks]

A radioactive isotope decays continuously according to $N(t) = N_{0}\,e^{kt}$ (with $k < 0$). After $30$ years, only $40\%$ of the original sample remains.某放射性同位素按 $N(t) = N_{0}\,e^{kt}$($k < 0$)连续衰变。$30$ 年后样本剩余 $40\%$。

(a) Find $k$, correct to 4 decimal places.求 $k$,保留 4 位小数。 [3]
(b) Find the half-life of the isotope, correct to the nearest year.求该同位素的半衰期,精确到年。 [2]
(c) Find the time at which only $10\%$ of the original sample remains.求剩余比例首次降至原样本 $10\%$ 时的时间。 [2]
Q7HARD Paper 2 1.4 / 1.7 Compound Interest Comparison [7 marks]

Aria invests €$10\,000$ in two parallel accounts: Account X compounds at $3.6\%$ per annum compounded monthly; Account Y compounds continuously at the same nominal rate $3.6\%$ per annum.Aria 同时将 €$10\,000$ 存入两个账户:账户 X 按年利率 $3.6\%$、每月复利;账户 Y 按同一名义年利率 $3.6\%$ 连续复利(continuous compounding)。

(a) Find the value in each account after $10$ years, to the nearest cent.求 $10$ 年后两个账户各自的金额,精确到分。 [3]
(b) Find the time at which Account Y first exceeds Account X by €$50$.求账户 Y 首次比账户 X 多出 €$50$ 的时间。 [3]
(c) State, in one sentence, why Account Y always exceeds Account X (under the same nominal rate).用一句话说明在相同名义利率下,账户 Y 为何始终多于账户 X。 [1]
PART IV  ·  PAPER 3第四部分  ·  第三卷Calculator · HL extended exploration · 16 marks可使用计算器 · HL 长题探究 · 16 分

Paper 3 — HL Extended Problem第三卷 —— HL 长题探究

A graphing calculator is required. Method marks are heavily weighted. Show full reasoning at every step.需要图形计算器(GDC)。方法分权重很高。每一步都要写出完整推理。

Q8HARD Paper 3 1.7 Newton's Law of Cooling [16 marks]

A cup of coffee initially at $T_{0} = 95^\circ$C cools in a room at constant temperature $T_{\text{env}} = 22^\circ$C. Newton's law of cooling models the coffee's temperature by一杯咖啡初始温度 $T_{0} = 95^\circ$C,所处房间温度恒为 $T_{\text{env}} = 22^\circ$C。牛顿冷却定律(Newton's law of cooling)给出咖啡温度的模型:

$$ T(t) = T_{\text{env}} + (T_{0} - T_{\text{env}})\,e^{-kt}, \qquad k > 0,\;\; t \text{ in minutes}. $$

After $5$ minutes the coffee has cooled to $70^\circ$C.$5$ 分钟后咖啡降至 $70^\circ$C。

(a) Verify that the model satisfies $T(0) = T_{0}$ and $\displaystyle\lim_{t \to \infty} T(t) = T_{\text{env}}$.验证模型满足 $T(0) = T_{0}$ 与 $\displaystyle\lim_{t \to \infty} T(t) = T_{\text{env}}$。 [2]
(b) Using the $5$-minute data point, find $k$ to $4$ decimal places.利用 $5$ 分钟时的数据,求 $k$ 至 $4$ 位小数。 [4]
(c) Find the temperature after $15$ minutes, to the nearest degree.求 $15$ 分钟后的温度,精确到 $1^\circ$C。 [3]
(d) Find the time when the coffee first reaches $40^\circ$C, to the nearest minute.求咖啡首次降至 $40^\circ$C 的时间,精确到分钟。 [3]
(e) Define the half-cooling time $t_{1/2}$ as the time taken for the temperature excess $T(t) - T_{\text{env}}$ to halve. Find $t_{1/2}$ in terms of $k$ (general formula), then evaluate it numerically for this coffee.定义半冷却时间half-cooling time)$t_{1/2}$ 为温度差 $T(t) - T_{\text{env}}$ 减半所需时间。写出 $t_{1/2}$ 关于 $k$ 的一般公式,并代入数值求本题之 $t_{1/2}$。 [4]