High School Math

Function Transformations and Composition函数变换与复合

Once you know one function, you almost know infinitely many: shifting, stretching, reflecting, composing, and inverting let you build a whole family from a single parent. This guide treats the parent graph as a stencil and asks one question seven times in a row: what does this algebraic change do to the picture? The general form $y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$ is the destination , vertical and horizontal shifts give you $h$ and $k$, stretches and reflections give you $a$ and $b$, composition lets you stack two stencils into one, and inversion lets you read the stencil backwards. Even and odd functions enter as the symmetry case: their graphs are invariant under one of the reflections we just defined.认识了一个函数,几乎就认识了无穷多个:通过平移(shift)、伸缩(stretch)、反射(reflection)、复合(composition)与求反(inverse),一族函数从同一个母函数(parent function)派生而来。本指南把母函数图像当作模版(stencil),用七节内容反复回答同一个问题:对代数表达式做这样的改动,图像会发生什么?目标是一般形式 $y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$, 水平 / 竖直平移给出 $h$ 与 $k$,伸缩与反射给出 $a$ 与 $b$;复合让你把两个模版叠成一个;反函数让你倒读这同一个模版。奇函数与偶函数(even / odd)作为对称情形登场:它们的图像在我们前面定义的某种反射下保持不变。

7 sections7 节内容 US Common Core · ON · BC · ABUS 共同核心 · ON · BC · AB Composition is the AP-feeder gate复合函数是 AP 衔接关卡

How to use this guide如何使用本指南

Three of the four curricula treat transformations as a Grade 11-12 topic and put it inside a dedicated Relations and Functions strand. US Common Core spreads the same content across HSF-BF.A (build) and HSF-BF.B.3 (effect on the graph), with HSF-BF.B.4 on inverses and the (+) marker reserved for composition. Alberta and Ontario both expect the master form $y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$ explicitly; BC PC 12 names the same four moves verbatim ("translations, stretches, and reflections") plus inverses. The seven-row table tells you which of §1-§7 are core and which are extension on your syllabus.四套大纲中的三套把"函数变换"列为 11-12 年级主题,并置于专门的关系与函数单元下。美国共同核心把同样内容分布在 HSF-BF.A(构造)与 HSF-BF.B.3(图像影响);反函数在 HSF-BF.B.4,"复合"标 (+)。阿尔伯塔与安大略都明确要求主形式 $y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$;BC PC 12 原文写出同样的四种动作("平移、伸缩、反射")外加反函数。下面的七行表告诉你在你所在大纲中 §1-§7 各节属"核心"还是"拓展"。

If you are in…如果你在… Focus on these sections重点学习 Defer / skip可推迟 Source依据
🇺🇸 US Algebra 2 , HSF-BF.B美国 Algebra 2, HSF-BF.B §1, §2, §3, §4, §5, §7 (inverse appears as HSF-BF.B.4, non-(+))§1、§2、§3、§4、§5、§7(反函数为 HSF-BF.B.4,非 (+)) §6 composition is (+) under HSF-BF.A.1.c , AP-feeder / Honors only§6 复合在 HSF-BF.A.1.c 标 (+), 仅 AP 衔接 / 荣誉级 ccssm_hs_math.pdf , HSF-BF.A.1 (build), B.3 (effect on graph + even/odd), B.4 (inverse), HSF-BF.A.1(构造)、B.3(图像影响 + 奇偶)、B.4(反函数)
🇺🇸 US AP-feeder (Pre-Calc / Honors)美国 AP 衔接(Pre-Calc / 荣誉) All seven sections. AP Calculus opens with $f \circ g$ derivatives (chain rule) and reads $f^{-1}$ off graphs , both are assumed全部 7 节。AP Calculus 一开学就用 $f \circ g$ 的导数(链式法则),并从图像读取 $f^{-1}$, 两者均默认掌握 Nothing , §6 composition is the AP-feeder gate无, §6 复合即 AP 衔接的关卡 ccssm_hs_math.pdf , the (+) cluster HSF-BF.A.1.c is the AP-feeder content; reappears in IB Math AA HL B5 (transformations) and B1 (representation), (+) 簇 HSF-BF.A.1.c 即 AP 衔接;在 IB Math AA HL B5(变换)与 B1(表示)中再现
🇨🇦 ON Grade 11 , MCR3U安大略 11 年级, MCR3U §1 through §5 and §7. MCR3U is explicit on the four parameters of $y = a f(k(x - d)) + c$ (A1.8) and on inverses of linear / quadratic functions (A1.4-A1.7)§1 至 §5 与 §7。MCR3U 对 $y = a f(k(x - d)) + c$ 的四参数(A1.8)与线性 / 二次函数的反函数(A1.4-A1.7)有明确要求 §6 composition is Grade 12 MHF4U content (Strand C); MCR3U covers combinations only implicitly§6 复合属 12 年级 MHF4U 内容(单元 C);MCR3U 仅隐性涉及函数组合 math_grades_11-12.pdf , MCR3U Strand A Representing Functions, expectations A1.4-A1.9, MCR3U 单元 A 函数表示,期望 A1.4-A1.9
🇨🇦 ON Grade 12 , MHF4U安大略 12 年级, MHF4U Full §1-§7. MHF4U Strand C names "composition" and "combining functions" explicitly; transformations and inverses are review-then-extend on transcendentals完整 §1-§7。MHF4U 单元 C 明确点名"复合"与"函数组合";变换与反函数在超越函数上回顾并延伸 Nothing , treat this unit as the geometric base before MCV4U calculus无, 把本单元作为进入 MCV4U 微积分前的几何底层 math_grades_11-12.pdf , MHF4U Strand C Characteristics of Functions includes composition and operations on functions, MHF4U 单元 C 函数性质,含复合与函数运算
🇨🇦 BC Grade 12 , PC 12BC 12 年级, PC 12 §1-§5 and §7 are core under "translations, stretches, reflections" and "inverses". §6 is the named extension "recognizing composed functions, operations on functions"§1-§5、§7 在"平移、伸缩、反射"与"反函数"下为核心;§6 是命名的拓展"识别复合函数、函数的运算" Nothing , both core and extension belong in PC 12无, 核心与拓展都属于 PC 12 pc12_elab.pdf , Content transformations of functions and relations with elaboration verbatim including "extension: recognizing composed functions, operations on functions", 内容函数与关系的变换,详解原文含"拓展:识别复合函数、函数的运算"
🇨🇦 AB Grade 12 , Math 30-1阿尔伯塔 12 年级, Math 30-1 All seven sections. Math 30-1 RF 1-6 covers compositions (RF 1), translations (RF 2), stretches (RF 3 / 4), reflections (RF 5), and inverses (RF 6) end-to-end全部 7 节。Math 30-1 RF 1-6 端到端覆盖复合(RF 1)、平移(RF 2)、伸缩(RF 3 / 4)、反射(RF 5)与反函数(RF 6) Nothing , this is the Alberta course's central RF spine无, 这是阿尔伯塔本课的 RF 主线 pos_10-12_indicators.pdf , Math 30-1 Relations and Functions, specific outcomes 1-6 with indicators 1.1-1.9, 2.1-2.5, 3.1-3.5, 4.1-4.2, 5.1-5.5, 6.1-6.8, Math 30-1 关系与函数,具体目标 1-6,指标 1.1-1.9、2.1-2.5、3.1-3.5、4.1-4.2、5.1-5.5、6.1-6.8
🌐 IB AA HL prepIB AA HL 预备 All seven sections, with particular weight on §4 (general form) and §6 (composition). IB Math AA HL Topic B5 reads $y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$ verbatim全部 7 节,§4(一般形式)与 §6(复合)尤其重要。IB Math AA HL Topic B5 原文使用 $y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$ Nothing , IB AA HL B5 (transformations) and B1 (representation) both rely on this material无, IB AA HL B5(变换)与 B1(表示)都依赖本单元 IB Math AA HL B5 ships in this repo; cross-link in the feeders block below本仓库已有 IB Math AA HL B5;在下方"后续单元"区块有链接

Once you have located your row, use the two cards below for the speed at which you should work through the recommended sections.找到所在行后,用下面两张卡片决定推进速度。

!
If you are cramming the night before如果你在临阵磨枪

Memorise five pictures. (1) $y = f(x) + k$ shifts up by $k$. (2) $y = f(x - h)$ shifts right by $h$ , sign convention! (3) $y = a f(x)$ stretches vertically by $|a|$; $y = f(b x)$ compresses horizontally by $|b|$. (4) $y = -f(x)$ flips over the $x$-axis; $y = f(-x)$ flips over the $y$-axis. (5) The inverse $f^{-1}$ is the reflection of $f$ over the line $y = x$. For composition, $(f \circ g)(x) = f(g(x))$ , inside out. Read the cram-cheat box in every section, skip the going-deeper proofs.背熟五张图。(1) $y = f(x) + k$ 向上平移 $k$。(2) $y = f(x - h)$ 向右平移 $h$, 注意符号约定!(3) $y = a f(x)$ 竖直伸缩因子 $|a|$;$y = f(b x)$ 水平压缩因子 $|b|$。(4) $y = -f(x)$ 关于 $x$ 轴翻转;$y = f(-x)$ 关于 $y$ 轴翻转。(5) 反函数 $f^{-1}$ 是 $f$ 关于直线 $y = x$ 的反射。复合:$(f \circ g)(x) = f(g(x))$, 由内向外。每节速记框必读,深入证明可跳。

*
If you are going for the top mark如果你目标顶分

Practise reading the master form $y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$ in either direction: given the four parameters, sketch the new graph from the parent; given the sketched new graph, extract the four parameters. Always factor the $b$ out of the argument before reading $h$ , that is the single most common slip. For composition, write out $f \circ g$ and $g \circ f$ side by side at least once on every problem to feel the non-commutativity. For inverses, never write $f^{-1}$ until you have checked the one-to-one condition (horizontal line test). AB Math 30-1 indicator 6.5 explicitly asks you to restrict the domain to force this.练习双向读取主形式 $y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$:给定四参数能由母函数画新图,给定新图能反推四参数。读 $h$ 之前必须把 $b$ 从括号里因式提出, 这是最常见的单一错误。复合题在每题里都把 $f \circ g$ 与 $g \circ f$ 并排写一次,亲手感受不交换性。反函数题在确认一一对应(水平线测试)之前不要落笔 $f^{-1}$;AB Math 30-1 指标 6.5 明确要求通过限制定义域来强制此条件。

Honors flag.荣誉级标记。 Section 6 (Composition) carries the Honors chip for US Algebra 2 and Ontario MCR3U , in those courses composition is deferred to AP-feeder Pre-Calc / Honors and to Grade 12 MHF4U respectively. It is core, not honors, in BC PC 12 (named as the explicit extension), in AB Math 30-1 (RF 1), and in IB AA HL prep. If your row above sends you to §6, treat it as required content.§6(复合)在美国 Algebra 2 与安大略 MCR3U 中标 Honors, 前者推迟至 AP 衔接 Pre-Calc / 荣誉,后者推迟至 12 年级 MHF4U。但在 BC PC 12(命名拓展)、AB Math 30-1(RF 1)与 IB AA HL 预备中均为核心而非荣誉。若你的行指向 §6,请按必学处理。

Vertical and Horizontal Shifts竖直平移与水平平移

Two shift rules , one is intuitive, the other inverts the sign.两条平移规则, 一条直觉,一条反号。

Let $f$ be the parent function and let $h, k$ be real constants.设 $f$ 为母函数,$h, k$ 为实常数。

$$ y = f(x) + k \;\;\;\Longleftrightarrow\;\;\; \text{vertical shift by } k. \qquad y = f(x - h) \;\;\;\Longleftrightarrow\;\;\; \text{horizontal shift by } h. $$
  • Outside vs. inside.外加 vs. 内加。 A constant added outside the function moves the graph up (positive $k$) or down (negative $k$). A constant subtracted inside the function moves the graph right (positive $h$) or left (negative $h$).在函数加常数:上移($k > 0$)或下移($k < 0$)。在函数减常数:右移($h > 0$)或左移($h < 0$)。
  • Sign convention warning.符号约定警示。 $y = f(x + 3)$ shifts the graph left by $3$, not right. Read $(x + 3)$ as $(x - (-3))$ so $h = -3$. Every textbook gets caught here.$y = f(x + 3)$ 把图像向左平移 $3$,不是向右。把 $(x + 3)$ 读作 $(x - (-3))$,则 $h = -3$。教材在此处反复栽跟头。
  • Together.同时使用。 $$ y = f(x - h) + k \;\;\;\Longleftrightarrow\;\;\; \text{shift right by } h \text{ and up by } k. $$ Alberta Math 30-1 indicator 2.3 names this combined form $y - k = f(x - h)$.阿尔伯塔 Math 30-1 指标 2.3 把此联合形式记作 $y - k = f(x - h)$。
  • Why shifts behave oppositely inside.为何内加效果反向。 If $y = f(x - 3)$, then $y$ at $x = 5$ equals $f(2)$ , the new graph at $x = 5$ shows what the parent did at $x = 2$. The graph has moved right by $3$.若 $y = f(x - 3)$,则在 $x = 5$ 处 $y = f(2)$, 新图在 $x = 5$ 显示母函数在 $x = 2$ 的值。图像因此移 $3$。
Worked Example 1 · Sketching $y = (x - 4)^{2} + 3$例题 1 · 描绘 $y = (x - 4)^{2} + 3$

Start with the parent $f(x) = x^{2}$ (a parabola with vertex at the origin). Describe the transformation that produces $y = (x - 4)^{2} + 3$ and state the new vertex.从母函数 $f(x) = x^{2}$ 出发(顶点在原点的抛物线)。描述把它变成 $y = (x - 4)^{2} + 3$ 的变换,并写出新顶点。

Identify $h$ and $k$.辨识 $h$ 与 $k$。 Match $(x - h) = (x - 4)$ to read $h = 4$; the outside constant gives $k = 3$.把 $(x - h)$ 与 $(x - 4)$ 对照得 $h = 4$;外部常数给出 $k = 3$。

Apply the shift in two stages.分两步执行平移。 First, shift the parabola right by $4$: vertex moves $(0, 0) \to (4, 0)$. Then shift up by $3$: vertex moves $(4, 0) \to (4, 3)$.先把抛物线右移 $4$:顶点从 $(0, 0)$ 到 $(4, 0)$。再上移 $3$:顶点从 $(4, 0)$ 到 $(4, 3)$。

Sanity-check with a point.用一点核验。 Parent at $x = 2$ gives $f(2) = 4$. New function at $x = 6$ gives $(6 - 4)^{2} + 3 = 4 + 3 = 7$ , same shape, lifted by $3$.母函数在 $x = 2$ 给 $f(2) = 4$。新函数在 $x = 6$ 给 $(6 - 4)^{2} + 3 = 4 + 3 = 7$, 同形,整体抬高 $3$。

Answer.作答。 Shift right by $4$ and up by $3$. New vertex at $(4, 3)$.右移 $4$、上移 $3$。新顶点 $(4, 3)$。

The graph of $y = f(x + 5) - 2$ is obtained from the graph of $y = f(x)$ by which transformation?将 $y = f(x)$ 进行哪种变换可得 $y = f(x + 5) - 2$?
§1 · Q1
Right by $5$, up by $2$右移 $5$、上移 $2$
Left by $5$, down by $2$左移 $5$、下移 $2$
Right by $5$, down by $2$右移 $5$、下移 $2$
Left by $5$, up by $2$左移 $5$、上移 $2$
$f(x + 5) = f(x - (-5))$, so $h = -5$ , shift left by $5$. The outside $-2$ gives $k = -2$ , down by $2$.$f(x + 5) = f(x - (-5))$,故 $h = -5$, 左移 $5$。外部 $-2$ 给出 $k = -2$, 下移 $2$。
Rewrite $(x + 5)$ as $(x - (-5))$ to read $h$ with the correct sign.把 $(x + 5)$ 改写为 $(x - (-5))$ 以确定 $h$ 的正确符号。
The graph of $y = \sqrt{x}$ is shifted right by $7$ and down by $1$. Which equation describes the new graph?$y = \sqrt{x}$ 右移 $7$、下移 $1$。新图像的方程是?
§1 · Q2
$y = \sqrt{x + 7} - 1$
$y = \sqrt{x - 7} + 1$
$y = \sqrt{x - 7} - 1$
$y = \sqrt{x + 7} + 1$
Right by $7$ means $h = 7$, so the argument becomes $x - 7$. Down by $1$ means $k = -1$. Together: $y = \sqrt{x - 7} - 1$.右移 $7$ 即 $h = 7$,参数变为 $x - 7$;下移 $1$ 即 $k = -1$。合起来:$y = \sqrt{x - 7} - 1$。
Right shifts subtract inside; downward shifts subtract outside.右移在内部减;下移在外部减。

Vertical and Horizontal Stretches / Compressions竖直与水平伸缩

Two stretch rules , one matches intuition, the other inverts it.两条伸缩规则, 一条符合直觉,一条与直觉相反。

Let $a, b$ be nonzero real constants.设 $a, b$ 为非零实常数。

$$ y = a f(x) \;\;\;\Longleftrightarrow\;\;\; \text{vertical stretch by factor } |a|. \qquad y = f(b x) \;\;\;\Longleftrightarrow\;\;\; \text{horizontal stretch by factor } \tfrac{1}{|b|}. $$
  • Vertical ($a$): direct.竖直 ($a$):直接。 $|a| > 1$ stretches the graph vertically (taller); $0 < |a| < 1$ compresses it vertically (shorter). The $x$-intercepts stay put.$|a| > 1$ 竖直拉长(更高);$0 < |a| < 1$ 竖直压扁(更矮)。$x$ 轴上的交点位置不变。
  • Horizontal ($b$): reciprocal.水平 ($b$):取倒数。 $|b| > 1$ compresses the graph horizontally by factor $1/|b|$ (narrower); $0 < |b| < 1$ stretches it horizontally (wider).$|b| > 1$ 水平方向压缩(更窄),因子 $1/|b|$;$0 < |b| < 1$ 水平方向拉伸(更宽)。
  • Why $b$ inside reverses intuition.为何 $b$ 在内部时与直觉相反。 $y = f(2x)$ at $x = 3$ equals $f(6)$. Inputs that used to be at $x = 6$ now happen at $x = 3$, so the graph has compressed by a factor of $1/2$.$y = f(2x)$ 在 $x = 3$ 处等于 $f(6)$。原先在 $x = 6$ 的输入现在出现在 $x = 3$,故水平压缩因子 $1/2$。
  • AB Math 30-1 indicators 3.1 / 3.2AB Math 30-1 指标 3.1 / 3.2 treat $a$ and $b$ separately so students can attribute changes to one parameter at a time.把 $a$ 与 $b$ 分开处理,便于学生将变化归因于单一参数。
Worked Example 2 · Vertical vs. horizontal stretch on $y = x^{2}$例题 2 · 对 $y = x^{2}$ 的竖直与水平伸缩

Compare the graphs of $y = 4 x^{2}$ and $y = (2 x)^{2}$. Which one is a vertical stretch and which is a horizontal compression? Show that the two graphs end up identical and explain why.对比 $y = 4 x^{2}$ 与 $y = (2 x)^{2}$。哪一个是竖直拉伸,哪一个是水平压缩?证明两图相同,并说明原因。

Read off the transformations.读取变换。 $y = 4 x^{2}$ is $a f(x)$ with $a = 4$ , vertical stretch by factor $4$. $y = (2 x)^{2}$ is $f(b x)$ with $b = 2$ , horizontal compression by factor $1/2$.$y = 4 x^{2}$ 即 $a f(x)$,$a = 4$, 竖直拉伸因子 $4$。$y = (2 x)^{2}$ 即 $f(b x)$,$b = 2$, 水平压缩因子 $1/2$。

Expand both.展开两式。 $(2 x)^{2} = 4 x^{2}$. So algebraically the two expressions are identical, and the two graphs coincide.$(2 x)^{2} = 4 x^{2}$。代数上两式相同,两图重合。

Caution.提醒。 For a non-power function such as $f(x) = \sin x$, vertical and horizontal stretches do not coincide: $4 \sin x \neq \sin(2 x)$. The coincidence is special to power functions.对非幂函数(如 $f(x) = \sin x$),竖直与水平伸缩重合:$4 \sin x \neq \sin(2 x)$。该巧合只对幂函数成立。

The graph of $y = f(3 x)$ relative to the graph of $y = f(x)$ is a:$y = f(3 x)$ 相对于 $y = f(x)$ 是:
§2 · Q1
Vertical stretch by factor $3$竖直拉伸因子 $3$
Horizontal stretch by factor $3$水平拉伸因子 $3$
Horizontal compression by factor $\tfrac{1}{3}$水平压缩因子 $\tfrac{1}{3}$
Vertical compression by factor $\tfrac{1}{3}$竖直压缩因子 $\tfrac{1}{3}$
$y = f(b x)$ with $b = 3 > 1$ compresses horizontally by factor $1/|b| = 1/3$.$y = f(b x)$ 且 $b = 3 > 1$,水平压缩因子 $1/|b| = 1/3$。
Inside the function, multiplication by $b > 1$ compresses horizontally; outside the function, multiplication by $a > 1$ stretches vertically.内部乘 $b > 1$ 水平压缩;外部乘 $a > 1$ 竖直拉伸
The point $(6, 2)$ lies on the graph of $y = f(x)$. Find the corresponding point on the graph of $y = f(\tfrac{1}{2} x)$.点 $(6, 2)$ 在 $y = f(x)$ 的图像上。在 $y = f(\tfrac{1}{2} x)$ 的图像上的对应点是?
§2 · Q2
$(12, 2)$
$(3, 2)$
$(6, 1)$
$(6, 4)$
$y = f(\tfrac{1}{2} x)$ has $b = 1/2$, so horizontal stretch by factor $1/|b| = 2$. The point $(6, 2)$ on $f$ becomes $(12, 2)$. Check: at $x = 12$, $f(\tfrac{1}{2} \cdot 12) = f(6) = 2$.$y = f(\tfrac{1}{2} x)$ 中 $b = 1/2$,水平拉伸因子 $1/|b| = 2$。$(6, 2)$ 对应 $(12, 2)$。核验:$x = 12$ 时 $f(\tfrac{1}{2} \cdot 12) = f(6) = 2$。
Inside $b = 1/2$ (less than $1$) stretches horizontally by factor $2$. The $y$-coordinate stays the same.内部 $b = 1/2$(小于 $1$)水平拉伸因子 $2$。$y$ 坐标不变。

Reflections Over the $x$-Axis and $y$-Axis关于 $x$ 轴与 $y$ 轴的反射

A minus sign in front flips; a minus sign inside mirrors.外负号上下翻转,内负号左右镜像。 $$ y = -f(x) \;\;\;\Longleftrightarrow\;\;\; \text{reflection over the } x\text{-axis}. \qquad y = f(-x) \;\;\;\Longleftrightarrow\;\;\; \text{reflection over the } y\text{-axis}. $$
  • $x$-axis flip.关于 $x$ 轴翻转。 $y = -f(x)$ sends each point $(x, y)$ on the parent to $(x, -y)$. Points on the $x$-axis are fixed.$y = -f(x)$ 把母函数上的 $(x, y)$ 映到 $(x, -y)$。$x$ 轴上的点保持不动。
  • $y$-axis flip.关于 $y$ 轴翻转。 $y = f(-x)$ sends each point $(x, y)$ on the parent to $(-x, y)$. Points on the $y$-axis are fixed.$y = f(-x)$ 把母函数上的 $(x, y)$ 映到 $(-x, y)$。$y$ 轴上的点保持不动。
  • Both at once.同时翻转。 $y = -f(-x)$ is reflection through the origin (a $180^{\circ}$ rotation). Every point $(x, y)$ goes to $(-x, -y)$.$y = -f(-x)$ 是关于原点的反射(绕原点旋转 $180^{\circ}$)。每点 $(x, y)$ 映到 $(-x, -y)$。
  • Sign of $a$ and $b$ at once.$a$ 与 $b$ 的符号即反射。 In the master form $y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$, $a < 0$ adds an $x$-axis reflection and $b < 0$ adds a $y$-axis reflection.在主形式 $y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$ 中,$a < 0$ 附加 $x$ 轴反射,$b < 0$ 附加 $y$ 轴反射。
  • AB Math 30-1 indicator 5.1AB Math 30-1 指标 5.1 spells out the coordinate rules: $x$-axis $(x, y) \to (x, -y)$, $y$-axis $(x, y) \to (-x, y)$, $y = x$ line $(x, y) \to (y, x)$ (this last one returns in §7).明确写出坐标规则:$x$ 轴 $(x, y) \to (x, -y)$;$y$ 轴 $(x, y) \to (-x, y)$;$y = x$ 直线 $(x, y) \to (y, x)$(最后一条 §7 再用)。
Worked Example 3 · Two reflections on three points例题 3 · 对三点的两种反射

The graph of $f(x)$ passes through the three points $(-1, 4)$, $(2, -3)$, and $(5, 1)$. Where do these points go on the graphs of (a) $y = -f(x)$ and (b) $y = f(-x)$?函数 $f(x)$ 的图像经过三点 $(-1, 4)$、$(2, -3)$、$(5, 1)$。在以下两图上,对应点分别是?(a) $y = -f(x)$;(b) $y = f(-x)$。

(a) $x$-axis reflection.(a) 关于 $x$ 轴反射。 $(x, y) \to (x, -y)$. So $(-1, 4) \to (-1, -4)$, $(2, -3) \to (2, 3)$, $(5, 1) \to (5, -1)$.$(x, y) \to (x, -y)$。故 $(-1, 4) \to (-1, -4)$;$(2, -3) \to (2, 3)$;$(5, 1) \to (5, -1)$。

(b) $y$-axis reflection.(b) 关于 $y$ 轴反射。 $(x, y) \to (-x, y)$. So $(-1, 4) \to (1, 4)$, $(2, -3) \to (-2, -3)$, $(5, 1) \to (-5, 1)$.$(x, y) \to (-x, y)$。故 $(-1, 4) \to (1, 4)$;$(2, -3) \to (-2, -3)$;$(5, 1) \to (-5, 1)$。

Sanity-check via definitions.用定义核验。 For (a), $-f(-1) = -4$ , yes, $(-1, -4)$ lies on $-f$. For (b), at $x = 1$, $f(-1) = 4$, so the new function takes value $4$ at $x = 1$.(a):$-f(-1) = -4$, 确认 $(-1, -4)$ 在 $-f$ 上。(b):在 $x = 1$ 处 $f(-1) = 4$,新函数取值为 $4$。

If $f(x) = \sqrt{x}$, which equation gives the reflection of $f$ over the $y$-axis?若 $f(x) = \sqrt{x}$,$f$ 关于 $y$ 轴的反射方程是?
§3 · Q1
$y = -\sqrt{x}$
$y = \sqrt{x} - 1$
$y = -\sqrt{-x}$
$y = \sqrt{-x}$
$y$-axis reflection $\Rightarrow$ replace $x$ with $-x$ inside: $y = f(-x) = \sqrt{-x}$. Note its domain is $x \le 0$.$y$ 轴反射 $\Rightarrow$ 把内部 $x$ 换成 $-x$:$y = f(-x) = \sqrt{-x}$。其定义域为 $x \le 0$。
Minus sign inside the function reflects over the $y$-axis; minus sign outside reflects over the $x$-axis.函数取负号关于 $y$ 轴反射;函数取负号关于 $x$ 轴反射。
The point $(-4, 7)$ lies on the graph of $y = f(x)$. What is the corresponding point on the graph of $y = -f(x)$?点 $(-4, 7)$ 在 $y = f(x)$ 的图像上。$y = -f(x)$ 图像上的对应点是?
§3 · Q2
$(4, 7)$
$(-4, -7)$
$(4, -7)$
$(-4, 7)$
$y = -f(x)$ is $x$-axis reflection: $(x, y) \to (x, -y)$. So $(-4, 7) \to (-4, -7)$.$y = -f(x)$ 关于 $x$ 轴反射:$(x, y) \to (x, -y)$。故 $(-4, 7) \to (-4, -7)$。
$x$-axis reflection negates $y$ but leaves $x$ alone.$x$ 轴反射:$y$ 取负、$x$ 不变。

Combined Transformations: The Master Form $y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$复合变换:主形式 $y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$

One form, four parameters, four pictures stacked.一式四参数、四种图像叠加。 $$ y \;=\; a \, f\!\big(b(x - h)\big) \;+\; k. $$
  • Four roles.四个角色。 $a$: vertical stretch (and $x$-axis reflection if $a < 0$). $b$: horizontal stretch by $1/|b|$ (and $y$-axis reflection if $b < 0$). $h$: horizontal shift right by $h$. $k$: vertical shift up by $k$.$a$:竖直伸缩($a < 0$ 时附加 $x$ 轴反射);$b$:水平伸缩因子 $1/|b|$($b < 0$ 时附加 $y$ 轴反射);$h$:水平右移 $h$;$k$:竖直上移 $k$。
  • Factor $b$ out first.先把 $b$ 因式提出。 Always write the inside as $b(x - h)$, not $bx - bh$. If you see $f(2x - 6)$, rewrite as $f(2(x - 3))$ so $b = 2$ and $h = 3$. Without the factoring step you will read $h = 6$ and lose the marks.内部务必写成 $b(x - h)$,而不是 $bx - bh$。若见 $f(2x - 6)$,先改写为 $f(2(x - 3))$,于是 $b = 2$、$h = 3$。不提因式会误读 $h = 6$ 并丢分。
  • Order of operations.操作顺序。 Apply stretches and reflections (the $a$ and $b$ moves) before the shifts (the $h$ and $k$ moves). Coordinate-wise: $(x, y) \to \big(\tfrac{x}{b} + h, \; a y + k\big)$.先做伸缩与反射($a, b$),后做平移($h, k$)。坐标层面:$(x, y) \to \big(\tfrac{x}{b} + h, \; a y + k\big)$。
  • AB Math 30-1 indicator 4.1AB Math 30-1 指标 4.1 writes the master form as $y - k = a f(b(x - h))$ and asks students to "sketch the graph … for given values of $a, b, h, k$" given only an unlabelled parent graph. Ontario MCR3U A1.8 is verbatim equivalent: "$y = a f(k(x - d)) + c$" (different letter names, same idea).把主形式写作 $y - k = a f(b(x - h))$,要求学生在仅给出无标注母函数图像的情况下"按给定 $a, b, h, k$ 作图"。安大略 MCR3U A1.8 形式相同(字母不同):"$y = a f(k(x - d)) + c$"。
Worked Example 4 · Apply $a, b, h, k$ in order to $f(x) = \sqrt{x}$例题 4 · 对 $f(x) = \sqrt{x}$ 依次应用 $a, b, h, k$

Sketch $y = -2 \sqrt{3(x - 1)} + 5$ from the parent $f(x) = \sqrt{x}$. Identify each of the four moves, give the new image of the parent point $(4, 2)$, and state the new starting point of the curve.从母函数 $f(x) = \sqrt{x}$ 描绘 $y = -2 \sqrt{3(x - 1)} + 5$。逐一列出四个变换;给出母函数上 $(4, 2)$ 的新像;写出曲线的新起点。

Read the parameters.读取参数。 $a = -2$, $b = 3$, $h = 1$, $k = 5$.$a = -2$,$b = 3$,$h = 1$,$k = 5$。

Translate each parameter to a move.把每个参数翻译成变换。 $|a| = 2$: vertical stretch by $2$. $a < 0$: reflect over $x$-axis. $|b| = 3$: horizontal compression by $1/3$. $h = 1$: shift right by $1$. $k = 5$: shift up by $5$.$|a| = 2$:竖直拉伸 $2$ 倍;$a < 0$:关于 $x$ 轴反射;$|b| = 3$:水平压缩 $1/3$;$h = 1$:右移 $1$;$k = 5$:上移 $5$。

Apply to the point $(4, 2)$.作用于点 $(4, 2)$。 Coordinate map: $(x, y) \to (\tfrac{x}{b} + h, \; a y + k) = (\tfrac{4}{3} + 1, \; -2 \cdot 2 + 5) = (\tfrac{7}{3}, \; 1)$.坐标映射:$(x, y) \to (\tfrac{x}{b} + h, \; a y + k) = (\tfrac{4}{3} + 1, \; -2 \cdot 2 + 5) = (\tfrac{7}{3}, \; 1)$。

Find the new starting point.求新起点。 Parent $\sqrt{x}$ starts at $(0, 0)$. Plug into the map: $(\tfrac{0}{3} + 1, \; -2 \cdot 0 + 5) = (1, 5)$. The curve now starts at $(1, 5)$ and opens downward (because $a < 0$) and to the right (because $b > 0$, so the domain $x \ge 1$).母函数 $\sqrt{x}$ 从 $(0, 0)$ 起。代入映射:$(\tfrac{0}{3} + 1, \; -2 \cdot 0 + 5) = (1, 5)$。曲线从 $(1, 5)$ 起,向下($a < 0$)且向右($b > 0$,定义域 $x \ge 1$)。

Direct check.直接验证。 At $x = 1$: $y = -2 \sqrt{0} + 5 = 5$. ✓ At $x = 4/3 + 1 = 7/3$: $y = -2 \sqrt{3 \cdot 4/3} + 5 = -2 \cdot 2 + 5 = 1$. ✓在 $x = 1$:$y = -2 \sqrt{0} + 5 = 5$。✓ 在 $x = 7/3$:$y = -2 \sqrt{3 \cdot 4/3} + 5 = -2 \cdot 2 + 5 = 1$。✓

Read $y = f(2x - 6) + 1$ in master form. The horizontal shift $h$ equals:把 $y = f(2x - 6) + 1$ 写为主形式,水平平移 $h$ 等于:
§4 · Q1
$6$
$-6$
$3$
$-3$
Factor $b$ first: $f(2x - 6) = f(2(x - 3))$, so $b = 2$ and $h = 3$. Without factoring you would misread $h = 6$.先提因式:$f(2x - 6) = f(2(x - 3))$,故 $b = 2$、$h = 3$。不提因式会误读为 $h = 6$。
Always factor the coefficient of $x$ out of the argument before reading $h$. The master form is $b(x - h)$, not $bx - bh$.读 $h$ 前务必把 $x$ 的系数因式提出。主形式是 $b(x - h)$,不是 $bx - bh$。
The point $(2, 5)$ lies on the graph of $y = f(x)$. Find the corresponding point on the graph of $y = 3 f(x - 4) - 2$.点 $(2, 5)$ 在 $y = f(x)$ 上。在 $y = 3 f(x - 4) - 2$ 上的对应点是?
§4 · Q2
$(2, 13)$
$(6, 13)$
$(6, 17)$
$(-2, 13)$
Map: $(x, y) \to (x + h, \; a y + k) = (2 + 4, \; 3 \cdot 5 - 2) = (6, 13)$. (No $b$ here, so the $x$-coordinate just shifts by $h$.)映射:$(x, y) \to (x + h, \; a y + k) = (2 + 4, \; 3 \cdot 5 - 2) = (6, 13)$。(无 $b$,$x$ 坐标仅平移 $h$。)
Vertical: multiply by $a$ first, then add $k$. Horizontal: shift by $h$.竖直方向:先乘 $a$,再加 $k$。水平方向:平移 $h$。

Even, Odd, and Neither Functions偶函数、奇函数与皆非的函数

Symmetry is a reflection that does nothing.对称就是一种"不变"的反射。

A function $f$ is even if for every $x$ in the domain,函数 $f$ 称为偶函数,若对定义域中每个 $x$,

$$ f(-x) = f(x) \qquad (\text{graph is symmetric about the } y\text{-axis}). $$

A function $f$ is odd if$f$ 称为奇函数,若

$$ f(-x) = -f(x) \qquad (\text{graph is symmetric about the origin}). $$
  • Read in transformation language.用变换语言重读。 Even: $y$-axis reflection (§3) leaves the graph unchanged. Odd: composing $x$-axis and $y$-axis reflections (i.e. origin reflection) leaves the graph unchanged.偶函数:$y$ 轴反射(§3)后图像不变。奇函数:$x$ 轴反射与 $y$ 轴反射的复合(即关于原点的反射)后图像不变。
  • Standard examples.标准例子。 Even: $f(x) = x^{2}$, $\cos x$, $|x|$, $x^{4}$. Odd: $f(x) = x$, $x^{3}$, $\sin x$, $\tan x$, $1/x$.偶:$f(x) = x^{2}$、$\cos x$、$|x|$、$x^{4}$。奇:$f(x) = x$、$x^{3}$、$\sin x$、$\tan x$、$1/x$。
  • Neither is the default."皆非"是默认情形。 Most functions are neither even nor odd. $f(x) = x + 1$, $f(x) = e^{x}$, $f(x) = \sqrt{x}$ all fail both tests.大多数函数既非偶亦非奇。$f(x) = x + 1$、$f(x) = e^{x}$、$f(x) = \sqrt{x}$ 都不满足任何一个。
  • CCSSM hooks this into transformations.CCSSM 把它挂入变换。 The closing line of HSF-BF.B.3 says "include recognizing even and odd functions from their graphs and algebraic expressions for them" , the standard treats symmetry as a transformation property, not a separate topic.HSF-BF.B.3 末句明确:"包含从图像或代数式识别奇偶函数", 该标准把对称视为变换的一种属性,而非独立主题。
Worked Example 5 · Classify three functions例题 5 · 判定三个函数

Classify each function as even, odd, or neither: (a) $f(x) = 3 x^{4} - 2 x^{2} + 5$, (b) $g(x) = x^{5} - 7 x$, (c) $h(x) = x^{2} + x$.判定下列函数为奇、偶或皆非:(a) $f(x) = 3 x^{4} - 2 x^{2} + 5$;(b) $g(x) = x^{5} - 7 x$;(c) $h(x) = x^{2} + x$。

(a) Compute $f(-x)$.(a) 计算 $f(-x)$。

$$ f(-x) = 3(-x)^{4} - 2(-x)^{2} + 5 = 3 x^{4} - 2 x^{2} + 5 = f(x). $$

Equality with $f(x)$, so $f$ is even. (Predict: all-even-power polynomial plus constant.)$f(-x) = f(x)$,故 $f$ 为偶函数。(预判:仅含偶次项加常数的多项式。)

(b) Compute $g(-x)$.(b) 计算 $g(-x)$。

$$ g(-x) = (-x)^{5} - 7(-x) = -x^{5} + 7 x = -(x^{5} - 7 x) = -g(x). $$

Equality with $-g(x)$, so $g$ is odd. (Predict: all-odd-power polynomial, no constant.)$g(-x) = -g(x)$,故 $g$ 为奇函数。(预判:仅含奇次项、无常数的多项式。)

(c) Compute $h(-x)$.(c) 计算 $h(-x)$。

$$ h(-x) = (-x)^{2} + (-x) = x^{2} - x. $$

This is neither $h(x) = x^{2} + x$ nor $-h(x) = -x^{2} - x$. So $h$ is neither. (Mixed even and odd powers.)既非 $h(x) = x^{2} + x$ 也非 $-h(x) = -x^{2} - x$,故 $h$ 为皆非。(同时出现奇次与偶次项。)

Quick polynomial heuristic.多项式快速判别。 A polynomial is even iff all terms have even degree (constant counts as degree $0$, which is even). A polynomial is odd iff all terms have odd degree and the constant term is $0$. Mixed parities $\Rightarrow$ neither.多项式为偶 当且仅当 所有项次数为偶(常数算 $0$ 次,亦为偶);为奇 当且仅当 所有项次数为奇且常数项为 $0$。混合奇偶次 $\Rightarrow$ 皆非。

Which function is odd?下列哪个函数是奇函数?
§5 · Q1
$f(x) = x^{2} + 1$
$f(x) = |x|$
$f(x) = x^{3} - 2 x$
$f(x) = x^{2} + x$
$f(-x) = (-x)^{3} - 2(-x) = -x^{3} + 2 x = -(x^{3} - 2 x) = -f(x)$. All-odd-power polynomial with no constant , odd. The other options are even, even, neither.$f(-x) = -x^{3} + 2 x = -(x^{3} - 2 x) = -f(x)$。全奇次幂且无常数项, 奇函数。其他三项分别为偶、偶、皆非。
Odd functions need all-odd-power terms and zero constant. Even need all-even-power terms (constant OK). Mixed parities give neither.奇函数需全奇次项且常数为 $0$;偶函数需全偶次项(常数项可有);混合奇偶次为皆非。
If $f$ is an even function and $f(3) = 7$, what is $f(-3)$?若 $f$ 是偶函数且 $f(3) = 7$,则 $f(-3) =$?
§5 · Q2
$-7$
$0$
$-3$
$7$
Even means $f(-x) = f(x)$, so $f(-3) = f(3) = 7$. The graph is symmetric across the $y$-axis , mirroring $(3, 7)$ over $y$-axis gives $(-3, 7)$, same height.偶函数:$f(-x) = f(x)$,故 $f(-3) = f(3) = 7$。图像关于 $y$ 轴对称, 把 $(3, 7)$ 关于 $y$ 轴镜像得 $(-3, 7)$,高度相同。
Even: same output at $-x$ and $x$. Odd would flip the sign of the output instead.偶:$-x$ 与 $x$ 处输出相同。奇则取相反数。

Composition of Functions Honors — US Alg 2 / ON MCR3U函数复合 荣誉 — US Alg 2 / ON MCR3U

Curriculum note.课纲提示。 Composition is core content in BC PC 12 (named extension under transformations), AB Math 30-1 (Relations and Functions specific outcome 1), Ontario MHF4U Strand C, and every AP / IB feeder. It carries the Honors chip for US Algebra 2 (CCSSM HSF-BF.A.1.c is marked (+), i.e. AP-feeder Pre-Calc) and Ontario MCR3U (composition is Grade 12 MHF4U content).复合在 BC PC 12(变换下的命名拓展)、AB Math 30-1(关系与函数具体目标 1)、安大略 MHF4U 单元 C 以及所有 AP / IB 衔接课中均为核心。在美国 Algebra 2(CCSSM HSF-BF.A.1.c 标 (+),即 AP 衔接 Pre-Calc)与安大略 MCR3U(复合属 12 年级 MHF4U)中标 Honors
Composition is reading inside out.复合是从内向外读。 $$ (f \circ g)(x) \;=\; f\!\big(g(x)\big). $$
  • Inside-out rule.由内向外。 Apply $g$ first, then feed the output of $g$ as the input to $f$. The "$\circ$" symbol is read "composed with"; never multiply.先施加 $g$,再把 $g$ 的输出作为 $f$ 的输入。符号"$\circ$"读作"与…复合";不可读为乘法。
  • Not commutative.不交换。 In general $f \circ g \neq g \circ f$. Check on the spot with one numerical input; mismatched outputs prove the non-commutativity in one line.一般 $f \circ g \neq g \circ f$。代入一个数值即可现场验证;输出不同即一行证明不交换。
  • Domain of $f \circ g$.$f \circ g$ 的定义域。 $x$ must be in $\mathrm{dom}(g)$ and $g(x)$ must be in $\mathrm{dom}(f)$. The composite often has a smaller domain than $g$ alone.$x$ 须在 $\mathrm{dom}(g)$ 内, $g(x)$ 须在 $\mathrm{dom}(f)$ 内。复合的定义域常常比 $g$ 单独的定义域更小。
  • Why it matters downstream.为何对后续重要。 AP Calculus opens with the chain rule, which differentiates $f \circ g$. IB Math AA HL B5 builds the transformation form $y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$ as a chain of compositions with linear inner functions.AP Calculus 一开学就用链式法则(对 $f \circ g$ 求导)。IB Math AA HL B5 把变换形式 $y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$ 看作以线性内函数链式复合。
  • AB Math 30-1 indicator 1.5AB Math 30-1 指标 1.5 explicitly names three numerical drills: evaluate $f(f(a))$, $f(g(a))$, $g(f(a))$. Indicator 1.6 then asks for the symbolic composite, and 1.8 reverses the process: given $h$, decompose $h$ into $f \circ g$.明确列出三种数值演练:求 $f(f(a))$、$f(g(a))$、$g(f(a))$。指标 1.6 接续要求符号复合;1.8 反向:给定 $h$,分解为 $f \circ g$。
Worked Example 6 · Compose and check non-commutativity例题 6 · 复合并验证不交换

Let $f(x) = 2 x + 1$ and $g(x) = x^{2}$. Find $(f \circ g)(x)$ and $(g \circ f)(x)$ as simplified algebraic expressions, then evaluate each at $x = 3$ to confirm $f \circ g \neq g \circ f$.设 $f(x) = 2 x + 1$、$g(x) = x^{2}$。求 $(f \circ g)(x)$ 与 $(g \circ f)(x)$ 的化简表达式,并在 $x = 3$ 处求值以验证 $f \circ g \neq g \circ f$。

Build $(f \circ g)(x)$.构造 $(f \circ g)(x)$。 Apply $g$ first to get $x^{2}$, then feed into $f$: $f(x^{2}) = 2 x^{2} + 1$.先用 $g$ 得 $x^{2}$,再代入 $f$:$f(x^{2}) = 2 x^{2} + 1$。

$$ (f \circ g)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x^{2}) = 2 x^{2} + 1. $$

Build $(g \circ f)(x)$.构造 $(g \circ f)(x)$。 Apply $f$ first to get $2 x + 1$, then square: $g(2 x + 1) = (2 x + 1)^{2} = 4 x^{2} + 4 x + 1$.先用 $f$ 得 $2 x + 1$,再平方:$g(2 x + 1) = (2 x + 1)^{2} = 4 x^{2} + 4 x + 1$。

$$ (g \circ f)(x) = g(f(x)) = (2 x + 1)^{2} = 4 x^{2} + 4 x + 1. $$

Check at $x = 3$.在 $x = 3$ 处核验。 $(f \circ g)(3) = 2 \cdot 9 + 1 = 19$. $(g \circ f)(3) = (2 \cdot 3 + 1)^{2} = 7^{2} = 49$. Different , so $f \circ g \neq g \circ f$.$(f \circ g)(3) = 2 \cdot 9 + 1 = 19$;$(g \circ f)(3) = (2 \cdot 3 + 1)^{2} = 7^{2} = 49$。不相等, 故 $f \circ g \neq g \circ f$。

Let $f(x) = x + 4$ and $g(x) = 3 x$. Find $(f \circ g)(2)$.设 $f(x) = x + 4$、$g(x) = 3 x$。求 $(f \circ g)(2)$。
§6 · Q1
$6$
$8$
$10$
$18$
Inside out: $g(2) = 6$, then $f(6) = 6 + 4 = 10$. (Cross-check: $(g \circ f)(2) = g(f(2)) = g(6) = 18$ , different, confirming non-commutativity.)由内向外:$g(2) = 6$,再 $f(6) = 6 + 4 = 10$。(对照:$(g \circ f)(2) = g(f(2)) = g(6) = 18$, 不同,确认不交换。)
$(f \circ g)(2)$ means evaluate $g$ at $2$ first, then plug that into $f$.$(f \circ g)(2)$ 表示先在 $2$ 处求 $g$,再把结果代入 $f$。
Let $f(x) = \sqrt{x}$ and $g(x) = x - 5$. What is the domain of $(f \circ g)(x)$?设 $f(x) = \sqrt{x}$、$g(x) = x - 5$。$(f \circ g)(x)$ 的定义域是?
§6 · Q2
$x \ge 0$
$x \ge 5$
$x \ge -5$
All real numbers全体实数
$(f \circ g)(x) = \sqrt{x - 5}$. Need $x - 5 \ge 0$, i.e. $x \ge 5$. The inner function $g$ is defined for all real $x$, but $f$ demands a non-negative input, which narrows the domain.$(f \circ g)(x) = \sqrt{x - 5}$。要求 $x - 5 \ge 0$,即 $x \ge 5$。内函数 $g$ 对一切实数有定义,但 $f$ 要求非负输入,从而压缩定义域。
Two conditions: $x \in \mathrm{dom}(g)$ and $g(x) \in \mathrm{dom}(f)$. The second condition forces $g(x) \ge 0$.两个条件:$x \in \mathrm{dom}(g)$ $g(x) \in \mathrm{dom}(f)$。第二条强制 $g(x) \ge 0$。

Inverse Functions: Definition, One-to-One, and the Swap-and-Solve Method反函数:定义、一一对应与"互换求解"法

Inverse undoes; reflection over $y = x$ is the picture.反函数即"反操作";图像为关于 $y = x$ 的反射。

$f^{-1}$ is the function (when it exists) satisfying$f^{-1}$ 是满足如下条件的函数(若存在):

$$ f^{-1}(f(x)) = x \;\;\text{for all } x \in \mathrm{dom}(f), \qquad f(f^{-1}(y)) = y \;\;\text{for all } y \in \mathrm{dom}(f^{-1}). $$
  • One-to-one is required.必须一一对应。 $f$ has an inverse function iff each output of $f$ comes from exactly one input. Test graphically with the horizontal line test: every horizontal line hits the graph at most once.$f$ 具有反函数 当且仅当 每个输出仅对应唯一输入。图像上用水平线测试:任何水平线与图像至多交于一点。
  • Graph: reflect over $y = x$.图像:关于 $y = x$ 反射。 If $(a, b)$ is on the graph of $f$, then $(b, a)$ is on the graph of $f^{-1}$. The coordinate map is $(x, y) \to (y, x)$ , the third reflection rule from §3 (AB Math 30-1 indicator 5.1).若 $(a, b)$ 在 $f$ 上,则 $(b, a)$ 在 $f^{-1}$ 上。坐标规则 $(x, y) \to (y, x)$, §3 的第三种反射(AB Math 30-1 指标 5.1)。
  • Swap and solve.互换并求解。 Algebraic technique: (1) write $y = f(x)$; (2) swap $x$ and $y$; (3) solve for $y$; (4) rename $y$ as $f^{-1}(x)$. The swap step is the algebraic shadow of the graphical reflection over $y = x$.代数技巧:(1) 写 $y = f(x)$;(2) 互换 $x$ 与 $y$;(3) 解出 $y$;(4) 将 $y$ 改名为 $f^{-1}(x)$。"互换"正是图像反射 $y = x$ 的代数对应。
  • Domain and range swap.定义域与值域互换。 $\mathrm{dom}(f^{-1}) = \mathrm{range}(f)$ and $\mathrm{range}(f^{-1}) = \mathrm{dom}(f)$. Reading domain off $f^{-1}$ requires reading range off $f$.$\mathrm{dom}(f^{-1}) = \mathrm{range}(f)$,$\mathrm{range}(f^{-1}) = \mathrm{dom}(f)$。读 $f^{-1}$ 的定义域即读 $f$ 的值域。
  • Restrict the domain to force one-to-one.限制定义域以强制一一对应。 $f(x) = x^{2}$ fails the horizontal line test on $\mathbb{R}$. Restricting to $x \ge 0$ makes it one-to-one and gives $f^{-1}(x) = \sqrt{x}$. AB Math 30-1 indicator 6.5 names this technique explicitly; CCSSM HSF-BF.B.4.d too.$f(x) = x^{2}$ 在 $\mathbb{R}$ 上不满足水平线测试。限制 $x \ge 0$ 使其一一对应,得 $f^{-1}(x) = \sqrt{x}$。AB Math 30-1 指标 6.5 明确点名此法;CCSSM HSF-BF.B.4.d 亦同。
  • Notation warning.记号警示。 $f^{-1}(x)$ is the inverse function; it does not mean $1/f(x)$. The exponent-style notation is conventional, not literal.$f^{-1}(x)$ 是反函数;等于 $1/f(x)$。指数式写法是约定,不是字面意义。
Worked Example 7a · Swap and solve on a linear function例题 7a · 对线性函数使用"互换求解"

Find the inverse of $f(x) = 3 x - 7$, then verify that $f(f^{-1}(x)) = x$.求 $f(x) = 3 x - 7$ 的反函数,并验证 $f(f^{-1}(x)) = x$。

Step 1 · Write $y = f(x)$.第 1 步:写 $y = f(x)$。 $$ y = 3 x - 7. $$

Step 2 · Swap $x$ and $y$.第 2 步:互换 $x$ 与 $y$。 $$ x = 3 y - 7. $$

Step 3 · Solve for $y$.第 3 步:解 $y$。 $$ x + 7 = 3 y \;\;\Longrightarrow\;\; y = \frac{x + 7}{3}. $$

Step 4 · Rename.第 4 步:改名。 $$ f^{-1}(x) = \frac{x + 7}{3}. $$

Verify.核验。 $f(f^{-1}(x)) = 3 \cdot \tfrac{x + 7}{3} - 7 = (x + 7) - 7 = x$. ✓ Also $f^{-1}(f(x)) = \tfrac{(3x - 7) + 7}{3} = \tfrac{3x}{3} = x$. ✓$f(f^{-1}(x)) = 3 \cdot \tfrac{x + 7}{3} - 7 = (x + 7) - 7 = x$。✓ 另:$f^{-1}(f(x)) = \tfrac{(3x - 7) + 7}{3} = \tfrac{3x}{3} = x$。✓

Worked Example 7b · Restrict domain on a quadratic例题 7b · 对二次函数限制定义域

Show that $f(x) = (x - 2)^{2}$ on its full real domain has no inverse function. Restrict the domain so that an inverse function exists, then find it.证明 $f(x) = (x - 2)^{2}$ 在整个实数定义域上没有反函数。限制定义域使反函数存在,并求出它。

Why no inverse on $\mathbb{R}$.为何在 $\mathbb{R}$ 上无反函数。 $f(0) = 4$ and $f(4) = 4$ , two inputs give the same output, so $f$ is not one-to-one. Equivalently, the horizontal line $y = 4$ hits the parabola twice.$f(0) = 4$ 且 $f(4) = 4$, 两输入给同一输出,故非一一对应。等价地,水平线 $y = 4$ 与抛物线相交两次。

Restrict to a one-to-one branch.限制至一个一一对应的分支。 Take $x \ge 2$ (the right half of the parabola, where it is increasing). On this restricted domain, $f$ is one-to-one. Range of restricted $f$: $y \ge 0$.取 $x \ge 2$(抛物线右半部,单调递增)。在该限制定义域上 $f$ 一一对应。受限 $f$ 的值域:$y \ge 0$。

Swap and solve.互换求解。 $y = (x - 2)^{2}$, swap to get $x = (y - 2)^{2}$. Solve: $y - 2 = \pm\sqrt{x}$, so $y = 2 \pm \sqrt{x}$. Since the restricted-domain branch needs $y \ge 2$ (because $\mathrm{range}(f^{-1}) = \mathrm{dom}(f) = [2, \infty)$), take the plus sign:$y = (x - 2)^{2}$,互换得 $x = (y - 2)^{2}$。解:$y - 2 = \pm\sqrt{x}$,即 $y = 2 \pm \sqrt{x}$。由于反函数的值域 $= f$ 的限制定义域 $= [2, \infty)$,故取加号:

$$ f^{-1}(x) = 2 + \sqrt{x}, \qquad \mathrm{dom}(f^{-1}) = [0, \infty). $$

Verify at a point.用一点核验。 $f(5) = (5 - 2)^{2} = 9$; $f^{-1}(9) = 2 + \sqrt{9} = 2 + 3 = 5$. ✓$f(5) = (5 - 2)^{2} = 9$;$f^{-1}(9) = 2 + \sqrt{9} = 5$。✓

Which function does not have an inverse on its natural (unrestricted) domain?下列哪个函数在其自然(未限制)定义域上没有反函数?
§7 · Q1
$f(x) = 2 x + 5$
$f(x) = x^{3}$
$f(x) = x^{2}$
$f(x) = 1 / x$ (on $x \neq 0$)($x \neq 0$)
$f(x) = x^{2}$ fails the horizontal line test (e.g. $f(-3) = f(3) = 9$). The other three are one-to-one on their natural domains and have inverses $\tfrac{x - 5}{2}$, $\sqrt[3]{x}$, and $1/x$ respectively.$f(x) = x^{2}$ 不满足水平线测试(例如 $f(-3) = f(3) = 9$)。其他三者在自然定义域上均一一对应,反函数分别为 $\tfrac{x - 5}{2}$、$\sqrt[3]{x}$、$1/x$。
Apply the horizontal line test mentally: a function has an inverse iff each output value comes from exactly one input.心算水平线测试:函数具有反函数 当且仅当 每个输出仅对应唯一输入。
If $f(x) = 5 x + 2$, find $f^{-1}(x)$.若 $f(x) = 5 x + 2$,求 $f^{-1}(x)$。
§7 · Q2
$\dfrac{1}{5 x + 2}$
$\dfrac{x - 2}{5}$
$\dfrac{x + 2}{5}$
$5 x - 2$
Swap: $x = 5 y + 2$. Solve: $y = \tfrac{x - 2}{5}$. So $f^{-1}(x) = \tfrac{x - 2}{5}$. Check: $f(f^{-1}(x)) = 5 \cdot \tfrac{x - 2}{5} + 2 = (x - 2) + 2 = x$. ✓ (Choice (a) is the trap: $1/f(x)$ is not the inverse function.)互换:$x = 5 y + 2$。解 $y = \tfrac{x - 2}{5}$。故 $f^{-1}(x) = \tfrac{x - 2}{5}$。核验:$f(f^{-1}(x)) = 5 \cdot \tfrac{x - 2}{5} + 2 = (x - 2) + 2 = x$。✓(陷阱选项 (a):$1/f(x)$ 是反函数。)
Swap $x$ and $y$, then solve. Don't confuse the inverse function with the reciprocal $1/f(x)$.互换 $x$ 与 $y$ 后求解。不要把反函数与倒数 $1/f(x)$ 混淆。

Exam Strategy and Common Pitfalls考试策略与常见陷阱

Sign and factoring discipline符号与因式纪律
  • Read $h$ from $(x - h)$, never from $(x + \text{thing})$.从 $(x - h)$ 读 $h$,不要直接从 $(x + $ …$)$ 读。 Rewrite $(x + 3)$ as $(x - (-3))$ so $h = -3$. This is the single most common slip on transformation problems.把 $(x + 3)$ 改写为 $(x - (-3))$,得 $h = -3$。这是变换类题最常见的错误。
  • Factor $b$ out of the argument first.先把 $b$ 因式提出。 $f(2x - 6)$ is $f(2(x - 3))$, not $f(2x - 6)$ with $h = 6$. The master form is $b(x - h)$, not $bx - bh$.$f(2x - 6) = f(2(x - 3))$,并非 $h = 6$。主形式是 $b(x - h)$,不是 $bx - bh$。
  • Inside vs. outside."内"与"外"。 Changes inside the function affect the $x$-direction (and often invert intuition). Changes outside affect the $y$-direction (intuitive). When you can't decide which axis to flip, ask: "is the constant inside or outside $f$?"作用在的改动影响 $x$ 方向(常与直觉相反);作用在的改动影响 $y$ 方向(符合直觉)。判别时问:"常数在 $f$ 内还是外?"
Single transformations (§1-§3)单一变换(§1-§3)
  • Always check a single point.总用一点验证。 If the question gives you a point on the parent, run it through the coordinate map for the proposed transformation and read it on the new graph. One numerical check catches sign errors.若题目给出母函数上一点,把它代入坐标映射并在新图上读出。一次数值核验可拦截符号错误。
  • Use the test points $x$-intercept, $y$-intercept, vertex.用特征点:$x$ 截距、$y$ 截距、顶点。 A vertical stretch fixes the $x$-intercepts; a horizontal stretch fixes the $y$-intercept; a vertical shift moves the $y$-intercept by $k$; a horizontal shift moves the $x$-intercept by $h$.竖直伸缩保留 $x$ 截距;水平伸缩保留 $y$ 截距;竖直平移使 $y$ 截距移动 $k$;水平平移使 $x$ 截距移动 $h$。
The master form (§4)主形式(§4)
  • Memorise the coordinate map.背熟坐标映射。 $$(x, y) \;\to\; \left(\tfrac{x}{b} + h, \;\; a y + k\right).$$ Every transformation question reduces to running points through this map. AB Math 30-1 4.1 and Ontario A1.9 are both graded against this.每道变换题都归结为把点代入此映射。AB Math 30-1 4.1 与 ON A1.9 均按此评分。
  • Order: stretches before shifts.顺序:先伸缩,后平移。 Apply the $a, b$ moves before the $h, k$ moves. If you apply the shift first you'll land in the wrong place.先做 $a, b$,再做 $h, k$。颠倒会落到错误位置。
Composition and inverses (§6-§7) Honors — US Alg 2 / ON MCR3U复合与反函数(§6-§7)荣誉 — US Alg 2 / ON MCR3U
  • For composition, write it inside out.复合题:由内向外写。 $(f \circ g)(x) = f(g(x))$. Apply $g$, then $f$ , never the other way. Always sanity-check on one numerical input.$(f \circ g)(x) = f(g(x))$。先 $g$ 再 $f$, 不可颠倒。用一个数值输入做核验。
  • Composition does not commute.复合不交换。 $f \circ g \neq g \circ f$ unless you can explicitly prove otherwise. The non-commutativity is the source of many AP Calculus chain-rule errors.$f \circ g \neq g \circ f$,除非能显式证明相等。AP Calculus 中链式法则的诸多错误源自忽视此不交换性。
  • For inverses, check one-to-one first.反函数:先验一一对应。 Without one-to-one, no inverse function exists. If the function isn't one-to-one on its natural domain, restrict (AB Math 30-1 indicator 6.5; CCSSM HSF-BF.B.4.d).非一一对应则无反函数。若在自然定义域上非一一对应,则限制定义域(AB Math 30-1 指标 6.5;CCSSM HSF-BF.B.4.d)。
  • Verify by composition.用复合核验。 After swap-and-solve, check $f(f^{-1}(x)) = x$ and $f^{-1}(f(x)) = x$. Both directions must collapse to $x$."互换求解"后,须核验 $f(f^{-1}(x)) = x$ $f^{-1}(f(x)) = x$,两式都须化为 $x$。

Flashcards闪卡

0 / 14 flipped0 / 14 已翻
Vertical shift?竖直平移?
$$y = f(x) + k \;\;\Leftrightarrow\;\; \text{shift up by } k$$
Horizontal shift?水平平移?
$$y = f(x - h) \;\;\Leftrightarrow\;\; \text{shift right by } h$$
Vertical stretch?竖直伸缩?
$$y = a f(x) \;\;\Leftrightarrow\;\; \text{factor } |a|$$ $a < 0$ adds $x$-axis reflection$a < 0$ 附加 $x$ 轴反射
Horizontal stretch?水平伸缩?
$$y = f(b x) \;\;\Leftrightarrow\;\; \text{factor } \tfrac{1}{|b|}$$ $b < 0$ adds $y$-axis reflection$b < 0$ 附加 $y$ 轴反射
$x$-axis reflection?$x$ 轴反射?
$$y = -f(x), \qquad (x, y) \to (x, -y)$$
$y$-axis reflection?$y$ 轴反射?
$$y = f(-x), \qquad (x, y) \to (-x, y)$$
Master form?主形式?
$$y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$$ factor $b$ first先因式提 $b$
Coordinate map for master form?主形式的坐标映射?
$$(x, y) \to \left(\tfrac{x}{b} + h, \;\; a y + k\right)$$
Even function?偶函数?
$$f(-x) = f(x)$$ symmetric about $y$-axis关于 $y$ 轴对称
Odd function?奇函数?
$$f(-x) = -f(x)$$ symmetric about the origin关于原点对称
Composition?复合?
$$(f \circ g)(x) = f(g(x))$$ inside out; generally not commutative由内向外;一般不交换
Domain of $f \circ g$?$f \circ g$ 的定义域?
$x \in \mathrm{dom}(g)$ and $g(x) \in \mathrm{dom}(f)$$x \in \mathrm{dom}(g)$ 且 $g(x) \in \mathrm{dom}(f)$
Inverse defining property?反函数的定义性质?
$$f^{-1}(f(x)) = x = f(f^{-1}(x))$$
Inverse: graphical and algebraic?反函数:图像与代数?
Reflect over $y = x$; swap $x$ and $y$, then solve for $y$关于 $y = x$ 反射;互换 $x$ 与 $y$ 后解出 $y$

Practice Quiz综合测验

The graph of $y = (x + 2)^{2} - 3$ is the parent $y = x^{2}$ shifted by:$y = (x + 2)^{2} - 3$ 是母函数 $y = x^{2}$ 经怎样的平移?
Q1
Right $2$, up $3$右 $2$,上 $3$
Right $2$, down $3$右 $2$,下 $3$
Left $2$, down $3$左 $2$,下 $3$
Left $2$, up $3$左 $2$,上 $3$
$(x + 2) = (x - (-2))$, so $h = -2$ , left by $2$. Outside $-3$ gives $k = -3$ , down by $3$. New vertex at $(-2, -3)$.$(x + 2) = (x - (-2))$,故 $h = -2$, 左 $2$;外部 $-3$ 给 $k = -3$, 下 $3$。新顶点 $(-2, -3)$。
Inside $+$ means subtract $-h$ , left shift. Outside subtraction means downward.内部 $+$ 即 $-h$, 左移;外部减号, 下移。
Which transformation of $y = f(x)$ produces $y = f(\tfrac{x}{4})$?$y = f(\tfrac{x}{4})$ 是对 $y = f(x)$ 做哪种变换?
Q2
Horizontal compression by $\tfrac{1}{4}$水平压缩 $\tfrac{1}{4}$
Horizontal stretch by factor $4$水平拉伸因子 $4$
Vertical compression by $\tfrac{1}{4}$竖直压缩 $\tfrac{1}{4}$
Vertical stretch by factor $4$竖直拉伸因子 $4$
$y = f(b x)$ with $b = 1/4$. Horizontal stretch by factor $1/|b| = 4$.$y = f(b x)$ 中 $b = 1/4$。水平拉伸因子 $1/|b| = 4$。
Inside coefficient $b < 1$ stretches horizontally; the factor is $1/|b|$.内部系数 $b < 1$ 水平拉伸,因子 $1/|b|$。
Classify $f(x) = x^{4} - 3 x^{2}$ as even, odd, or neither.判定 $f(x) = x^{4} - 3 x^{2}$ 为奇、偶或皆非。
Q3
Odd
Neither皆非
Even
Both even and odd既奇又偶
$f(-x) = (-x)^{4} - 3(-x)^{2} = x^{4} - 3 x^{2} = f(x)$ , even. (All terms have even degree.)$f(-x) = x^{4} - 3 x^{2} = f(x)$, 偶。(所有项次数均为偶。)
Even-power polynomial with no odd terms and no constant constraint , even. ("Both" only holds for $f \equiv 0$.)偶次幂多项式、无奇次项, 偶函数。("既奇又偶"只对 $f \equiv 0$ 成立。)
Let $f(x) = x^{2}$ and $g(x) = x - 3$. Find $(f \circ g)(5)$. 🌐 HSF-BF.A.1.c (+)设 $f(x) = x^{2}$、$g(x) = x - 3$。求 $(f \circ g)(5)$。🌐 HSF-BF.A.1.c (+)
Q4
$4$
$22$
$25$
$8$
Inside out: $g(5) = 2$, then $f(2) = 4$. Compare $(g \circ f)(5) = g(25) = 22$ , different, demonstrating non-commutativity.由内向外:$g(5) = 2$,再 $f(2) = 4$。对照 $(g \circ f)(5) = g(25) = 22$, 不同,演示不交换。
$(f \circ g)(5)$: apply $g$ first to get $g(5) = 2$, then $f(2)$.$(f \circ g)(5)$:先 $g(5) = 2$,再 $f(2)$。
Find the inverse of $f(x) = \dfrac{x + 1}{2}$.求 $f(x) = \dfrac{x + 1}{2}$ 的反函数。
Q5
$f^{-1}(x) = \dfrac{2}{x + 1}$
$f^{-1}(x) = 2 x - 1$
$f^{-1}(x) = 2 x - 1$ via swap-and-solve由互换求解
$f^{-1}(x) = \dfrac{x - 1}{2}$
Swap: $x = \tfrac{y + 1}{2}$. Solve: $2 x = y + 1 \Rightarrow y = 2 x - 1$. So $f^{-1}(x) = 2 x - 1$. Check: $f(2 x - 1) = \tfrac{(2x - 1) + 1}{2} = x$. ✓互换:$x = \tfrac{y + 1}{2}$。解 $2 x = y + 1 \Rightarrow y = 2 x - 1$。故 $f^{-1}(x) = 2 x - 1$。核验:$f(2 x - 1) = \tfrac{(2x - 1) + 1}{2} = x$。✓
Swap $x$ and $y$, then solve. Don't confuse the inverse function with the reciprocal $1/f(x)$.互换 $x$ 与 $y$ 后求解。不要把反函数与倒数 $1/f(x)$ 混淆。
The point $(8, -1)$ lies on $y = f(x)$. What point lies on $y = f(-x) + 6$?点 $(8, -1)$ 在 $y = f(x)$ 上。$y = f(-x) + 6$ 上的对应点是?
Q6
$(8, 5)$
$(-8, -7)$
$(-8, 5)$
$(-8, 6)$
$y$-axis reflection: $(x, y) \to (-x, y)$, giving $(-8, -1)$. Then $+6$ shifts up: $(-8, -1 + 6) = (-8, 5)$.$y$ 轴反射:$(x, y) \to (-x, y)$,得 $(-8, -1)$。再上移 $6$:$(-8, -1 + 6) = (-8, 5)$。
Apply reflection first, then the vertical shift. The $x$-coordinate flips sign; the $y$-coordinate gains $6$.先做反射、再做上移。$x$ 取相反数,$y$ 加 $6$。
In the master form $y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$, the equation $y = -3 f(\tfrac{1}{2}(x - 4)) - 1$ has parameters:主形式 $y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$ 中,$y = -3 f(\tfrac{1}{2}(x - 4)) - 1$ 的参数为:
Q7
$a = 3, b = 2, h = 4, k = 1$
$a = -3, b = \tfrac{1}{2}, h = 4, k = -1$
$a = -3, b = 2, h = 4, k = -1$
$a = 3, b = \tfrac{1}{2}, h = -4, k = -1$
Read each slot: $a = -3$ (vertical stretch $3$ and $x$-axis flip), $b = 1/2$ (horizontal stretch by $2$), $h = 4$ (right $4$), $k = -1$ (down $1$).逐项读取:$a = -3$(竖直拉伸 $3$ + $x$ 轴反射);$b = 1/2$(水平拉伸 $2$ 倍);$h = 4$(右 $4$);$k = -1$(下 $1$)。
Read the signs literally: $a$ keeps its sign, $b$ is the coefficient of $x$ inside, $h$ is what is subtracted from $x$, $k$ is what is added outside.按字面读取符号:$a$ 保留符号;$b$ 是内部 $x$ 的系数;$h$ 是从 $x$ 中减去的量;$k$ 是外部加上的量。
Let $f(x) = \tfrac{1}{x}$ on $x \neq 0$. What is $f^{-1}(x)$?设 $f(x) = \tfrac{1}{x}$,$x \neq 0$。$f^{-1}(x)$ 是?
Q8
$f^{-1}(x) = -\tfrac{1}{x}$
$f^{-1}(x) = \tfrac{1}{x}$
$f^{-1}(x) = x$
no inverse exists无反函数
Swap: $x = 1/y$, solve $y = 1/x$. So $f$ is its own inverse , an involution. Graphically, $y = 1/x$ is symmetric across $y = x$.互换:$x = 1/y$,解 $y = 1/x$。故 $f$ 是自身反函数, 对合。图像层面:$y = 1/x$ 关于 $y = x$ 对称。
A function can equal its own inverse. Test by swap-and-solve and see whether you recover the original formula.函数可以等于自身反函数。用互换求解检验是否恢复原式。
Given $h(x) = \sqrt{3 x + 1}$, write $h$ as $f \circ g$ for suitable $f, g$. 🇨🇦 AB Math 30-1 indicator 1.8给定 $h(x) = \sqrt{3 x + 1}$,把 $h$ 写为 $f \circ g$(选择合适的 $f, g$)。🇨🇦 AB Math 30-1 指标 1.8
Q9
$f(x) = 3 x + 1, \; g(x) = \sqrt{x}$
$f(x) = \sqrt{x + 1}, \; g(x) = 3 x$
$f(x) = \sqrt{x}, \; g(x) = 3 x + 1$
$f(x) = x + 1, \; g(x) = \sqrt{3 x}$
Outermost operation is the square root, so $f(x) = \sqrt{x}$. The inner argument is $3 x + 1$, so $g(x) = 3 x + 1$. Check: $f(g(x)) = \sqrt{3 x + 1} = h(x)$. ✓最外层操作是开方,故 $f(x) = \sqrt{x}$;内部参数为 $3 x + 1$,故 $g(x) = 3 x + 1$。核验:$f(g(x)) = \sqrt{3 x + 1} = h(x)$。✓
Decompose by peeling outside in: outermost operation becomes $f$; the argument inside becomes $g$.由外向内剥层:最外层操作作 $f$,内部参数作 $g$。
The graph of $y = f(x)$ is reflected over $y = x$ to obtain the graph of $y = g(x)$. If $f(7) = 2$, then $g(2) = $ 🇨🇦 AB Math 30-1 indicators 5.1 / 6.1$y = f(x)$ 关于 $y = x$ 反射得 $y = g(x)$。若 $f(7) = 2$,则 $g(2) =$?🇨🇦 AB Math 30-1 指标 5.1 / 6.1
Q10
$2$
$1/2$
$-7$
$7$
Reflection over $y = x$ is the inverse: $(x, y) \to (y, x)$. From $f(7) = 2$, point $(7, 2)$ on $f$ becomes $(2, 7)$ on $g = f^{-1}$. So $g(2) = 7$.关于 $y = x$ 反射即取反函数:$(x, y) \to (y, x)$。由 $f(7) = 2$,$f$ 上的 $(7, 2)$ 在 $g = f^{-1}$ 上变为 $(2, 7)$,故 $g(2) = 7$。
Reflection over $y = x$ swaps coordinates: $(7, 2) \to (2, 7)$. So $g(2) = 7$, not $1/2$ , the latter is the reciprocal, not the inverse.关于 $y = x$ 反射即坐标互换:$(7, 2) \to (2, 7)$。故 $g(2) = 7$;$1/2$ 是倒数,不是反函数。

Readiness Checklist准备就绪清单

Tick each item when you can do it cold, without notes, on a first attempt.能在无笔记、首次尝试下完成,再勾选每一项。

0 / 12 mastered已掌握 0 / 12

What This Feeds Into本单元的去向

Function transformations and composition are the algebra-side foundation for every later course that draws a graph. Composition reappears in AP Calculus as the chain rule and in IB Math AA HL Topic E1; inverse functions resurface as $\arcsin, \arccos, \arctan$ in Unit 8 and as $\ln x$ in Unit 5. The master form $y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$ is the literal IB Math AA HL Topic B5 statement and the AP-feeder Pre-Calc / Honors target. Cross-references below point at units already shipped in this repo.函数变换与复合是后续所有"画图"课程的代数底座。复合在 AP Calculus 中以链式法则、在 IB Math AA HL Topic E1 中再现;反函数在 Unit 8 重现为 $\arcsin, \arccos, \arctan$,在 Unit 5 中重现为 $\ln x$。主形式 $y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$ 即 IB Math AA HL Topic B5 的原文表述,也是 AP 衔接 Pre-Calc / 荣誉级的目标。下方链接指向本仓库已有单元。

Within High School Math.在 HS Math 内部。

Unit 5 (Exponential and Logarithmic) treats $\ln x$ as the inverse of $e^{x}$ , the swap-and-solve technique from §7 applied to the transcendental case. Unit 8 (Unit-Circle Trig) defines $\arcsin, \arccos, \arctan$ as inverses of $\sin, \cos, \tan$ with domain restrictions read straight off §7's one-to-one requirement. Unit 9 (Trig Identities) uses transformations of $\sin x$ and $\cos x$ (amplitude $a$, period $2\pi/|b|$, phase $h$, vertical shift $k$) reading the master form against the trig parent.Unit 5(指数与对数)把 $\ln x$ 视为 $e^{x}$ 的反函数, 即把 §7 的"互换求解"用在超越情形。Unit 8(单位圆三角学)把 $\arcsin, \arccos, \arctan$ 定义为 $\sin, \cos, \tan$ 的反函数,定义域限制直接来自 §7 的一一对应要求。Unit 9(恒等式)用 $\sin x$、$\cos x$ 的变换(振幅 $a$、周期 $2\pi/|b|$、相位 $h$、竖直平移 $k$),把主形式套到三角母函数上。

Across the AP and IB feeders in this repo.本仓库中的 AP 与 IB 衔接单元。

IB Math HL B5 · Transformations of Graphs and Functions (the master form $y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$ at HL depth)IB Math HL B5 · 函数图像与变换(HL 深度的主形式 $y = a f(b(x - h)) + k$) IB Math HL B1 · Representation of Functions (function notation, domain / range, even / odd, inverse)IB Math HL B1 · 函数的表示(函数记号、定义域 / 值域、奇偶、反函数) IB Math HL B3 · Functions with Asymptotes (transformations applied to rational and reciprocal parents)IB Math HL B3 · 含渐近线的函数(对有理与倒数母函数应用变换) AP Calculus Unit 2 · Differentiation (chain rule = derivative of $f \circ g$; inverse-function differentiation)AP Calculus Unit 2 · 微分(链式法则 = $f \circ g$ 的导数;反函数求导) IB Math HL E1 · Differential Calculus (chain rule, derivative of inverse, implicit differentiation)IB Math HL E1 · 微分(链式法则、反函数求导、隐式求导)

If you are aiming for the SAT, expect a handful of transformation reads and one or two inverse-function items in the calculator section. If you are aiming for AP Calculus, fluent composition is required for the chain rule from week one. For IB Math AA HL, Topic B5 is the literal continuation of §4 and Topic E1 needs both §6 (composition) and §7 (inverse, for the derivative of $f^{-1}$).备考 SAT:计算器节会出现少量变换识别题和一两道反函数题。备考 AP Calculus:第一周即用链式法则,须熟练复合。备考 IB Math AA HL:Topic B5 是 §4 的直接延续;Topic E1 同时需要 §6(复合)与 §7(反函数求导)。